The branch of science concerned with classification (defining and naming groups of biological organisms) is called taxonomy. Animals are grouped on the basis of shared characteristics. For example the position of organs, of the teeth…Lions and tigers are from the cat family because they have a lot in common: carnivorous lifestyle, shape of their muscle…
Mostly nowadays we compare DNA sequences to see how alike two species or animals are…there’s lots of renaming of fungi going on just now because DNA has shown that two different looking species are actually different forms of the same thing… a bit like a yorkie and a St Bernard are both dogs, but look very, very different!
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